Isiseko samandla amatsha: Funda uphuhliso kunye nomgaqo weebhetri ze-lithium

Iibhetri zeLithium luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwebhetri etshajwayo enempendulo ye-electrochemical esekelwe ekufudukeni kwee-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwee-electrode ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Iibhetri zeLithium zineengenelo zobuninzi bamandla aphezulu, ubomi obude kunye nesantya esiphantsi sokuzikhupha, ngoko ke zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki kunye nezithuthi zombane.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kweebhetri ze-lithium usekelwe ekufudukeni kwee-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwee-electrode ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshaja, ii-ion ze-lithium zikhutshwa kwizinto ezilungileyo (ngesiqhelo i-oxide efana ne-lithium cobaltrate), zidlule kwi-electrolyte, zize zifakwe kwizinto ezimbi (ngesiqhelo izinto zekhabhoni). Ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha, ii-ion ze-lithium zahlulwe kwizinto ezimbi kwaye zidlule kwi-electrolyte ziye kwizinto ezilungileyo, zivelise amandla ombane kunye nombane, nto leyo eqhuba izixhobo zangaphandle ukuba zisebenze.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kweebhetri ze-lithium ungenziwa lula ngala manyathelo alandelayo:

1. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshaja, i-electrode engalunganga yebhetri ye-lithium iya kutsala ii-electron zangaphandle. Ukuze ihlale ingathathi cala ngombane, i-electrode echanekileyo iya kunyanzeleka ukuba ikhuphe ii-electron ngaphandle, kwaye ii-ion ze-lithium ezilahlekileyo ziya kutsalwa kwi-electrode engalunganga kwaye zidlule kwi-electrolyte ziye kwi-electrode engalunganga. Ngale ndlela, i-electrode engalunganga iphinda izalise ii-electron kwaye igcine ii-ion ze-lithium.

2. Xa zikhutshwa, ii-elektroni zibuyela kwi-electrode echanekileyo ngesekethe yangaphandle, kwaye ii-ion ze-lithium nazo zisuswa kwizinto ze-electrode engalunganga, zikhuphe amandla ombane agciniweyo kwinkqubo, kwaye zibuyele kwi-electrode echanekileyo nge-electrolyte, kwaye ii-elektroni zidityaniswe ukuze zithathe inxaxheba kwimpendulo yokunciphisa ukubuyisela isakhiwo se-lithium compound.

3. Kwinkqubo yokutshaja nokukhupha, eneneni, yinkqubo yee-ion ze-lithium ezisukela ii-elektroni, apho ukugcinwa nokukhululwa kwamandla ombane kufezekiswa khona.

Uphuhliso lweebhetri ze-lithium luye lwadlula kwizigaba ezininzi. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iibhetri ze-lithium metal zaqalwa ukuqaliswa, kodwa ngenxa yemisebenzi ephezulu kunye nemiba yokhuseleko lwe-lithium metal, ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwazo babunqunyelwe. Emva koko, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziye zaba yiteknoloji ephambili, esebenzisa iikhompawundi ze-lithium ezingezizo zesinyithi njengezixhobo ze-electrode ezilungileyo ukusombulula ingxaki yokhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium metal. Kwiminyaka yoo-1990, kwavela iibhetri ze-lithium polymer, zisebenzisa ii-gel ze-polymer njengee-electrolytes, nto leyo ephucula ukhuseleko kunye noxinano lwamandla eebhetri. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubuchwepheshe obutsha bebhetri ye-lithium obufana neebhetri ze-lithium-sulfur kunye neebhetri ze-lithium eziqinileyo nazo ziye zaphuhliswa.

Okwangoku, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zisesezona teknoloji zebhetri zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zisesezona zivuthiweyo. Zinamandla amaninzi, ubomi obude kunye nesantya esiphantsi sokuzikhupha, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, iikhompyutha zelaptop, izithuthi zombane kunye nezinye iindawo. Ukongeza, iibhetri ze-lithium polymer zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nezixhobo ezincinci nezikhanyayo kunye nee-headphone ezingenazingcingo, ngenxa yobunzima bazo obuphezulu kunye neempawu zoyilo oluncinci.

I-China yenze inkqubela phambili emangalisayo kwicandelo leebhetri ze-lithium. I-China yenye yezona mveliso zinkulu kunye nabathengi beebhetri ze-lithium kwihlabathi. Ikhonkco leshishini leebhetri ze-lithium e-China ligqityiwe, ukusuka ekuthengweni kwezinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuvelisweni kweebhetri linomlinganiselo othile kunye namandla obuchwephesha. Iinkampani zeebhetri ze-lithium zase-China zenze inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kuphando lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso, amandla emveliso kunye nesabelo semarike. Ukongeza, urhulumente wase-China ukwazise uthotho lwemigaqo-nkqubo yenkxaso ukukhuthaza uphuhliso kunye nobuchule boshishino lweebhetri ze-lithium. Iibhetri ze-lithium ziye zaba sisisombululo esikhulu samandla kwiindawo ezifana nezixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezithuthi zombane.